Fact of e-Government
Status in Indonesia
I. Basic
Infrastructure (Telecommunication & Computer)
¨
There are 468 local governments, main districts /
cities in Indonesia ,
but only 214 local governments have websites as the first phase of e-gov
development. From those 214 sites, 186 are accessible, the rest 28 are
inaccessible (under construction / not found).
¨
Local governments, main districts / cities who
have websites :
v
80%-100% :
DKI Jakarta , DI
Yogyakarta, East Java , and Bali
v
60%-79% :
Lampung, West Java , Central
Java , and East Kalimantan
v
40%-59% :
West Sumatra , Riau, Banten, and North Sulawesi
v
20%-39% :
North Sumatra, South Sumatra, West Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, East Nusa
Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara, Gorontalo, and South Sulawesi
v
1%-19% :
Nanggro Aceh Darussalam, Jambi, Bengkulu, Central
Kalimantan , East Sulawesi , Southeast Sulawesi , Papua, and North
Moluccas
v
0% :
Bangka Belitung ,
and Moluccas
¨
Ministry of Communication and Information, as
the authority given by Indonesian government to develop e-gov, are still doing
some process to give rating to local government websites.
v
There are 283 websites, consists of 37
department/ministry/high government body websites, 32 non-governmental body
websites, and 214 local government province district and city websites
v
The rating points are concentrated on speed
accessibility, display, content, contextual, usability, readability, data
mobility (dynamic/static), accuracy, public information service, hits and
platform using.
v
The goal of government website rating are
1.
Knowing the capability, ability, and quality of a
government website
2.
Giving input regarding the website condition to the
administrator
3.
Developing innovation and giving motivation to the
government website administrator
¨
Computerization network that will be used at
2004 General Election, after the
Election will be given to
Indonesian government to build e-gov fundamental infrastructure. According to
some IT experts in Indonesia ,
it will be difficult because :
o
Nobody will maintain and taking care of the computers
that spread out to districts/cities
o
People who will operating the computer at 2004
General Election are special trained students, and responsibly having limited
ability and time
o
People who will accepting and keeping those
computers in the country only have little knowledge of computer
¨
According
to document released by General Election Committee (Komite Pemilihan Umum - KPU)
as the executor of the development of
2004 General Election computerization network, there will be 8000 computer
giving to 438 main districts/cities and 5059 sub-districts.
¨
Total sub-district In Indonesia is 4994, but not
all of them have connection to telecommunication and/or internet.
v
2552 sub-districts will have PT Telkom cable
phone connection
v
2442 sub-districts others that have not
connected, will get from Pasific Satelit Nusantara (PSN) satellite connection
¨
The lack of infrastructure in Indonesia
nowadays results in the readiness of e-gov services only reach 9% of Indonesian
citizens. It based on survey and study research by Kominfo, university and
government research body on the readiness of e-government implementation.
Supporting infrastructure that measured are telecommunication infrastructure,
internet & computer penetration, rules, human resources, financial, and strategy.
¨
Ministry of Communication and Information said
that amount of investment needed to build e-Indonesia network backbone, as one
of the condition to make e-gov in Indonesia success, is estimated at
US$ 50 million (around Rp. 430 billion).
¨
Ministry of Communication and Information gave
investment illustration to build e-gov solution in some place, which are 1 unit
server computer , 5 client computers, and 6 months human resources training
estimated at Rp. 300 million (around US$ 35000).
II. Supporting
Regulation (Act)
¨ Indonesian
President, Abdurrahman Wahid in 2001 had released Presidential Decree No.
6/2001 about “ Developing and Usability of ICT in Indonesia” stating concept of
“Government Online” inside. That concept aims increase: good governance, transparency
& government accountability effort, citizen participation, public services,
and working relation between government bodies.
¨ Indonesian
President, Megawati Soekarnoputri in 2003 had released Presidential Decree No.
3/2003 about “Policy and National Strategy on e-Government Development”, on
July 2003. It aims that government bodies central or local can understand the
importance of e-goc, strategic aim of e-gov, obstacles that can happen on
implementing e-gov, way of developing, strategy and implementation on
developing e-gov, nationally or the bodies themselves.
¨ Ministry
of Communication and Information said that e-gov in Indonesia has just entered the
first phase, which is only at display on websites. Even so, some of them have
advancing and able to create interaction between user and government. These
interactions, such as questions and answers, consulting and communication forum
by internet. To achieve transaction phase, e-gov websites need regulations.
That is, beside Presidential Decree No. 3/2003 mentioned above, Information and
Electronic Transaction (ITE) Act still needed, which can be a lawsuit on every
transaction. Draft of ITE Act has been given to the President through National
Secretary by Ministry of Communication and Information, to be discussed with
the Parliament after 2004 General Election, those draft is the combination of
act, which proposed by a team from Faculty of Law University of Padjadjaran and
University of Indonesia.
¨ Ministry
of Communication and Information will release 10 documents about guidance of
e-gov in Indonesia .
Those guidance are about: (1) Government portal standard infrastructure (2)
e-record management (3) standard quality (4) service range & application
development (5) authorization body policy (6) information exchange (7) private
involvement (8) good governance development policy & change management (9)
education policy, project execution & budgeting, and (10) guideline to
arranging developing e-government body plan.
¨ According
to task force of Ministry of Communication and Information, some of government
institutions in the country so far have investing on IT usage in government
operational but only at first phase, which is “front office”. So that, it is
good enough to accomplished an ideal e-gov in Indonesia in 5-10 years.
III. Public
Opinion (e-Government Award 2003)
¨
In the mid of 2003, Warta Ekonomi magazine, a
national media specialized in new economy information/news and have a special
feature on Indonesian e-gov, gave e-Government Award 2003. The criteria are at
changing governing process, leadership vision and mission, strategic
investment, collaboration with others, public services, and other technical and
general information. The board of jury represent civil society and expert, they
are:
o
Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiyadi, Msi, MPP (Country
Coordinator Global Internet Policy Initiative – GIPI Indonesia )
o
Budi Rahardjo, MSc, PhD (IT Lecturer from
Bandung Institute of Technology - ITB and IT books writer)
o
Dr. Andi Mallarangeng (Political and Autonomy
expert)
o
Dr. Richardus Eko Indrajit, MSc. MBA (Chairman
of University of Perbanas and IT book
writer)
o
Dr. Robert Simanjuntak, MSc, PhD (Researcher at
Faculty of Economy University Indonesia )
¨
The winner on e-Government Award 2003 Warta
Ekonomi magazine version are :
o
Main District / city category:
1.
Tarakan – www.kotatarakan.go.id
2.
Kutai timur –
www.kutaitimur.go.id
3.
Denpasar – www.denpasar.go.id
o
Province category:
1.
Yogyakarta –
www.pemda-diy.go.id
2.
Kalimantan Timur –
www.kaltim.go.id
3.
Sulawesi Utara –
www.sulut.go.id
o
Ministry / Department category:
1.
Ministry of National Education – www.depdiknas.go.id
2.
Ministry of Internal Affairs – www.depdagri.go.id
3.
Ministry of Politics and National Security Coordinator
– www.polkam.go.id
o
Non-department government category:
1.
Central Bank of Indonesia – www.bi.go.id
2.
Coordinator of National Survey and Mapping Body –
www.bakorsurtanal.go.id
3.
National Search and Rescue (SAR) Body –
www.basarnas.go.id
o
Other relevan bodies :
1.
Capital Market Watch Body – www.bapepam.go.id
2.
Energy Information Center
3.
Directorate General of Power and Enery
Empowerment, Energy and Natural Resources Department – www.djlpe.go.id
IV. Supporting Statistics (Telephone, Internet and Domain Name)
¨
Statistic on domain name growth GO.ID
(government-Indonesia)
|
Year
|
Month
|
Total
|
|||||||||||
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Okt
|
Nov
|
Des
|
||
|
2001
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
62
|
9
|
72
|
|
2002
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
5
|
9
|
14
|
18
|
10
|
18
|
15
|
19
|
19
|
154
|
|
2003
|
36
|
16
|
20
|
14
|
23
|
13
|
32
|
20
|
42
|
21
|
27
|
43
|
307
|
|
2004
|
31
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
31
|
|
Total
|
564
|
||||||||||||
Source : IdNic.net.id
¨
Statistic on internet user and internet customer
|
Year
|
Subscriber
|
User
|
|
1998
|
134,000
|
512,000
|
|
1999
|
256,000
|
1,000,000
|
|
2000
|
400,000
|
1,900,000
|
|
2001
|
581,000
|
4,200,000
|
|
2002
|
667,002
|
4,500,000
|
|
2003
|
861,569
|
8,057,974
|
Source:
APJII.or.id
¨ Total population of
Indonesian citizen is 214,561,040 people. Total Telkom conventional phone
connections in Indonesia Indonesia
¨ Data on first week
of January 2004, there are 18.6 million cell phone number:
o
Telkomsel 9.7 million
o
Indosat group 6 million
o Excelcom
2.9 million
¨ Total cell phone
users in Indonesia
|
Data and estimation cellular market in
Indonesia
|
||||
|
|
2001
|
2002
|
2003
|
2004**
|
|
Subscriber *
|
6,35
|
11,45
|
18,2
|
25,5
|
|
Population *
|
205
|
210
|
216
|
223
|
|
Penetration
|
3%
|
5%
|
8%
|
11%
|
|
Growth
|
-
|
80%
|
59%
|
40%
|
Source : Alcatel / Bisnis Indonesia
*) in million
*) in million
**) estimation
¨
55% cell phone user in Indonesia Indonesia Mobile Lifestyle III Survey / Asia
Bus / Koran Tempo (March 2003).
V.
E-Gov obstacles in Indonesia
¨
Budi Rahardjo MSc, PhD (IT lecturer at ITB and IT
books writer)
o
No sharing information culture
o
Documentation information culture still unusual
o
Lack of expert IT manpower in government
o
Inadequate telecommunication infrastructure
(expensive and uneven)
o
Inadequate place to access information
¨
Gempar Ikka Wijaya (IT journalist and columnist)
- Recruitment system in local government still not transparent and not nepotism free
- A lot of government officials will be left out or feel disadvantage, because of e-gov
- Local government project will only going in 4-5 years, based on major/governor length of service
- Lack of knowledge in local government manpower will cause vendor/other offering e-gov solution which is expensive but useless
o
Inadequate telecommunication infrastructure
(expensive and uneven)
- Local government builds their own e-gov application based on their version, ignoring the integration concept and interconnection between information systems.
¨
Manuel Diaz Rossano (Bekasi Electronic Data
Processing Office Staff and Web admin of www.kotabekasi.go.id)
- E-gov development solely pursuing construct the infrastructure, not at manpower development or culture changing
- Very low incentive for e-gov administrator, unequal with the work.
- Policy of local government and parliament often change, lack of understanding on IT, neediness to have an instant goal so that IT is considered as a waste.
- e-gov often used by some vendor/consultant to offer project to the decision maker for quick profit using recognized vendor as a shield
- Unfinished bureaucratic problems, so that each body makes the own system, which is, cannot be integrated with others.
- Bureaucracy still has the manual culture, connecting with little incentive they will gains, computerization is considered as a threat.
- Diversity of IT knowledge between superior and inferior, or between head district/major and head of regional service.
- Inadequate telecommunication infrastructure, especially in the countries.
- Lack of seriousness of handling the manpower by vendor/consultant, so right after the project has finished, they consider their job has finished to. It cause unattached peripheral can’t be used, even being cannibalized to other thing.
- e-gov issues have become a new way to make a corruption, because the service values are untraceable like other project. If Ministry of Communication and Information is / has release the technical standardization, the results in each countries will not be the same.
¨
Ashwin Sasongko (Secretary Minister of Research
and Technology) declared that one of the obstacle on e-gov development in Indonesia is
the maintenance and operational budget was unprepared by the government, they
only released the developing budget.
¨
Lazuardi Ilyas (System Communication Expert
Staff on Ministry of Internal Affair) said that e-gov development in Indonesia still
not moving. It happened because of government officials did not want to open
up. Beside that, there was a misperception in local and central government that
the websites that has been built in districts / provinces is considered as
e-gov. He said that websites is only an instrument to socialize e-gov goals not
to the e-gov itself.
VI. Opinion
from Drs. Zaian Abidin (Head of Takalar District, South
Sulawesi ) *
*) Note from ICT Watch :
This opinion was taken from interview
article by eBizz Asia Magazine, January 2003. e-gov that being build by Takalar
District is usually become as a pilot project to experts, practitioners, and
e-gov developing / building observers in Indonesia. Besides Takalar district,
there is one place which usually become as a pilot project, Kutai District.
Takalar & Kutai District basically have significant similarities,: (a)
Local government high awareness, (b) High regional income from natural
resources, (c) Adequate infrastructure support from PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia
How it began,
the initiative to implement e-government?
When took master of LAN to study public policy, I
interested to which is called as Total Quality Management (TQM). One of it is
for public services, which is supporting by some factors, especially for
apparatuses themselves. In comparative studiy, I chose Gianyar, Bali , which has public services commitment. In a way they
make one roof system in Gianyar, while the technology was developed in RISTI, Bandung . But at that time
Gianyar had not implemented the technology. My vision in that time was how to
give good services to public, the one that satisfy them.
What is the
measurement, speed or accessibility?
We want to make
a good service that satisfy people and have a high quality, and can be used by
people soon, especially to increase their wealth. Such as creating ID. We don’t
want important matter can’t be done because there was no ID. Thus, create an ID
card can be done in a short time.
So the people
still must be there physically?
Yes, because the website is still not accessible and the
technology is being prepared. We still use telephone, entering the second
phase. So the can use telephone, the terms of conditions have been informed.
And also every status of people’s business can be answered.
How many
sub-districts and how about population in Takalar?
There are 7 sub-districts with 230 thousand people there.
But the income has increased double when I was in charge. It happened only in
two years. It was not so big, from 2 billion plus to 5 billion plus.
Do you collaborate
with RISTI (IT Research Division – PT Telkom) since the first time?
I did
benchmarking in there and RISTI did promote on some developed programs, for
instance, collaborating with Microsoft. They are collaborating with European,
such as German. So I considered them as experts, and maybe because they are
government’s company so they are cheaper. While the computers came from Singapore .
Now the
services placed in head district office?
No. It has its own office. It is called services building.
It is like a bank, having their front office. And also become as operators and
finalization.
So what they
do in the village?
They play very
important role, which is legitimates the delivery papers. Just like Singapore , the
country takes care of it. In Indonesia ,
we are still doing it in district level. IMB (permission to build building) is
also in district.
With centralized operation in head district office,
people access is far enough, isn’t it?
Our district office is not far, near the town. So they
only take public transport. If we finish the web, we have prepared services
places in every sub-district. People only have to go there.
So with web,
every application and information can be seen?
We will prepare
the service places. Now people can have the internet access, and also may visit
internet public, such as internet center/kiosk. The
web too, but only not open yet.
Isn’t
Indonesian Postal Service providing internet access?
Yes but limited,
because there are only 1 post office. What I want is just like ATM spots. The
service can be online, for instance to make birth certificate, pay hospital
bill, etc. Leader, every citizen has citizen registration. Nowadays only the ID
appliance entered the database.
So the
services are not yet reached 230,000 people?
Not yet. Especially now, the capacity of our computer
server is almost full. So we have to increase the capacity. Just like in Singapore . Singapore has
centralized their citizen registration and immigration, on one roof.
If every head
district thinks of theirs own territory, it can be happen nationally?
Yes it will. I
think every citizen has the right to be registered and have ID. It is our duty
to give them. Every newborn citizens, has rights to be given birth certificate.
Now it is left to our readiness to fulfill that.
Is it the
back office must be smoothening first?
As I said before, we did not have the courage to develop
it in the sub-districts because the manpower, infrastructure and the technology
were not ready yet. Now the World Bank has surveying, collecting data,
hopefully we will have the program in this 2003.
How must does
it cost you until today?
First I started
with the building, tools, also with the computer system development, hardware
or software. I spent about Rp. 500 million, it is operational.
How many
computers does the system use?
It’s about 20 units, not including the servers. The budget
included the servers. We get Rp 125 million from Japan for developing voice
communication network. Not mention maintenance fee, about Rp 50 million per
year. Maintain the web, then network, and salary. But if we count it from the
service aspect, we have reached break-even point. But the important matter is
not the capital, it is the citizen satisfaction.
Beside ID,
what other services does the system give?
The system also provides IMB, business permit, taxes, some
tax mutation, etc. Now we are building Geographical Information System.
The handling is from head district office or has
collaborated since the beginning?
Firstly we collaborated with PT Telkom (RisTI). So the
technology was given, the manpower was trained. The RisTI made the software in
1999.
What do you think about the ideal implementation of
e-Gov at Takalar?
Ideally, people do not need to come, just accessing from
their home or internet public / kiosk.
Then we send it to their home.
Which is more important, the tool readiness or the
thinking pattern?
Both of them are important. Even though we have policies,
we change our thinking pattern, but if it is not supported by systems or
infrastructures, it is impossible. But, changing thinking pattern is important.
We have to want it first, have political will. Not only just personal needs
from the head district.
Does a lot of head district have the same thought as
you?
Not from South Sulawesi ,
but from outside. Such as East Kalimantan , in East Kutai , expanded from Kutai Kertanegara district,
they are the second in Indonesia .
If I am not mistaken they are also Gorontalo, then Lamongan in East Java . So they have interests to.
Seen from the not-so-big budget, should the other head
district should be able to do it?
Maybe yes. Frankly, I want a standard for public services.
So they should not have to walk from one office to another, just in one place.
That’s why I built the new building
What is the opinion from the bottom level, especially
from sub-districts?
They responded well. At first there were so much complain
in making ID in bottom level, but not anymore. Now you are only filling the
form, they see identity from the village, and then it is done.
VII. General Condition of e-Gov Takalar District and East
Kutai District *
*) Note from ICT Watch :
This article
was taken from eBizz Asia Magazine on September 2003.
Takalar district was the first district whom digitally
implementing One Roof Administration System (Sistem Administrasi Satu Atap –
SIMTAP). This system would be able to arranging many licenses, and not allowing
‘hide and seek’ administration anymore. There are at least 12 licenses can be
processed digitally. Those process integrated with the superior’s office, so
can be monitored in anytime for decision-making.
Before SIMTAP, applying for ID became the exhausting
matter for the entire citizen in this country. At least they need a week after
the appliance to have the ID. The fee was depending by agreement between the
officers and citizens. SIMTAP can terminate the citizens’ ‘nightmare’ when
applying that kind of licenses.
After 3 years operating, Takalar District SIMTAP have
processed about 1,000 licenses per month, and gain income about Rp 400 million
or about 10% from their regional income. SIMTAP not only becoming the “profit
center” from the district, but also can eliminate nightmares and expensive fee
for the citizens or business people when applying for licenses.
A bit different from Takalar District is East
Kutai in East Kalimantan . It has
developed District Government Management System Body (Badan Sistem Informasi
Manajemen Pemerintahan Kabupaten – SIMPEKAB). This body was the government
attempt to support development program and increasing efficiency and
effort. Their duty is to give accurate
information and data, quick and give the best services for the patron.
East Kutai SIMPEKAB is the extension from one roof
licensing services. SIMPEKAB is also including geographical (SIMGEO), tourisms
(SIMPAR), agribusinesses and industries (SIMAGRI), staff and officials (SIMPEG),
finances (SIMKEU), district properties (SIMPERDA), statistics (SIMSTA), capital
investments (SIMPMD), environment (SIMLIDA), labor (SIMNAKER).
For the entire license service under SIMPTAP can be
finished less than 60 minutes since the form is given to the services
pigeonhole. Even, nowadays the process only took 36 minutes since the document
is given. Whereas this only the digital processing, not the online one.
To go to the online processing, East Kutai District
government still hold back by the problem of regulation about security and
cyber law that still vacuum, and also by regulation of online information disclosure.
Beside that, the other problem is the lack of telecommunication penetration, so
that there are a wide digital divide in people of East Kutai District.
Resistances a kind of this
discontinue governmental ahead motion wishing empowering IT as service medium
for his society. Autonomy government has blazed the way partner with private
sector circle actively, including the owner of internet center / kiosk. But
possibly one of the problems is the level of e-literacy in society.
The becoming main problem
exactly at broader level namely happened wide gap in execution of e-gov in
national scale. There are only a few autonomy
districts and provinces capable to move to the next step of e-gov
implementations, whereas for the most part exactly experience of stagnations in
development e-gov. Mean simply presence web, owned e-mail and website, without
existence of desire to develop furthermore.
--- ICT Watch / 2004 ---
Sources (mostly in Bahasa):
·
www.detik.com,
national online media
·
www.wartaekonomi.com, national new economy and e-government magazine official website
·
www.apjii.or.id,
Internet Service Providers Association
official website
·
www.idnic.net.id, ID Domain Registration official website
·
Warta Ekonomi, national new economy and e-government magazine
·
eBizzAsia, national IT, communication and e-business
magazine
·
Koran Tempo,
national daily newspaper
·
Bisnis Indonesia, national daily newspaper
·
Understanding IT, book by Budi Rahardjo Ph.D.
·
Electronic Government, book by Dr. Richardus Eko Indrajit, MSc, MBA
·
IT, Nation Pillar for Indonesia Resurgence, book by Ministry of Communication and Information
·
Telematika, Indonesian
ICT Mailing-list
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